DYSLIPIDEMIA Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

DYSLIPIDEMIA - Assignment Example Dyslipidemia is an important component of the cluster of abnormalities in metabolic syndrome, basically implying an imbalance of lipids in circulation in the blood stream (Ruotolo & Howard, 2002). Dyslipidemia is characterized by increased triglycerides, lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDLc, postprandial accumulation of lipoproteins rich in triglyceride and small, low density lipoproteins, LDL. It involves reesterification, this being the process of circulating free fatty acids getting oxidized and then synthesized back into triglyceride. Being a component of a syndrome related to many risk factors, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia presents a complex pathology. Even so, Foster and Prevost (2012) cite oxidative stress as a key hypothesis regarding the pathology of dyslipidemia. Oxidative stress, referring to the surplus of reactive oxygen species, ROS to antioxidant, fosters insulin resistance. This could occur because of excessive production of ROS which would overwhelm the capacity of ROS antioxidant or decrease production of antioxidants to inactivate ROS. Obesity has also been cited as a metabolic predisposition which eventually leads to dyslipidemia. Genetics also affects metabolic predisposition to resistance to insulin and dyslipidemia. Dyslipidemic conditions require laboratory testing to establish the specific abnormal blood lipid content or the lipoprotein content. As such, laboratory testing would involve measuring a blood sample for blood lipid profile and should be done every 5 years from as early as age 20. The levels of LDLc could be determined directly or using the Friedwald formula given by: This formula would however not be applied in cases where the triglyceride level of an individual exceeds 400 mg/dl. Notably, the basic lipid profile totaling triglyceride, HDLc and LDLc could fail to provide a clinician with adequate information to effectively diagnose dyslipidemia. In such cases, more sophisticated procedures

International Planning Frameworks Much Depend on the Context Coursework

International Planning Frameworks Much Depend on the Context - Coursework Example It is true that context is everything. Planning and execution vary according to every demography, geography, and climate is different for implementing a plan. There are no magic bullets or universal solutions for any plan. The United Nations Development Program has proved this many times while developing a plan in a geographical area. The tasks and types of tools are different in every area. The social and cultural norms of a particular place decide modes of execution for a plan.Many problems arise while managing the funds in cross-national projects. These problems are usually linked with accessing comparable datasets as well as in achieving agreement over functional equivalence in research parameters. When it comes to the interpretation many problems arise. Any shift in an orientation dependent on an interpretation of the policies usually gives rise to a conflict.The cross-national comparative planning studies are generally perceived as flexible. The common notion exists that they d o not have distinct features and comparative planning is different from holistic planning only when the factor of cross-national dimension is considered. This idea agrees with that quote under discussion. When the same plan is executed in different areas needs to comply to different work schedules, tools and other modes of execution only when the same plan is executed in different countries.This notion should not give the impression that a plan goes wayward when it is applied in different countries. The very definition of comparative planning research emphasizes the link between planning problems and execution in different regions, and there a connection with their regional institutional contexts. The emphasis on such a relationship between the matter of the investigation and the context stems from Friedmann’s paper on institutional context. Despite simple variations the general agreement is different styles of national planning dependent on a combination of system variables. They also depend on the level of economic development already attained, the nature of politics and culture.