Tips on How to Write a Quality Research Paper

Tips on How to Write a Quality Research PaperA good and highly effective method for conducting a quality research paper is to use a professional research assistant. It is easy to employ the services of an assistant if you already have the data, documents, and time to do the research work. Most companies will let you do your own research but will insist on giving you guidance at the right time.Research assistants are also important because they are an extension of your own research team. They will help you with specific topics, they can help you if you are unsure about something, they can come up with interesting facts that you would not find in just about any other source. And, in fact, this is a most efficient way of doing research for a study.The first step in completing a research paper, unless you have the time and expertise to make it up as you go along, is to locate some reliable sources of information and data that can be used as references. This will include a variety of diff erent types of data, such as newspaper reports, government records, books, articles, etc. Remember that your research paper should be thorough. Get plenty of copies of your research materials, so that you can refer to them when needed.One problem that often arises with research papers is when the author is not careful in how they present the facts. Often, they have a general idea of what they wish to write, but the substance of the facts is often hazy or not entirely accurate.You also need to ask the authors for permission to use their research materials. Sometimes they will refuse, especially if they are relatively new or do not want to be the focus of any public attention. In other cases, however, they may be willing to grant you permission, but they will not grant you credit or affiliation unless they see that the research paper is based on their work.A professional research assistant will assist you as you do your research. They will read your research materials carefully, liste n to your questions, and determine whether or not your research is sound. Your research assistant will ensure that you can cite your sources and, if you wish, will do it for you. They will also give you some ideas on where to get information, and other information about your topic of interest.If you are serious about completing a quality research paper, you will need a competent professional research assistant. They will help you complete your research, and they will help you publish it in the best possible manner.

Analysis Of Edgar Allen Poe And A Poison Tree By William...

Are you safe? Have you done anything? Think again, even the little things. Sometimes you may never know. Hopefully you dont end up like these two ill-fated men that were suddenly murdered. In the texts â€Å"The Cask Of Amantiatio† by Edgar Allen Poe and â€Å"A Poison Tree† by William Blake, They plotted their murders carefully and made sure nobody would find out it was them. Edgar Allen Poe and William Blake show that revenge can come as a shock because sometimes appearance hides reality. There are two literary devices in these passages that strongly represent the texts, they are conflict and setting because they are actively expressed throughout both the texts a various amount of times. In the texts Poe and Blake use conflict and setting. They†¦show more content†¦In the poem A Poison Tree by WIlliam Blake the story shows setting throughout the poem by plotting his murder is a certain place.Till it bore an apple bright. And my foe beheld it shine, And he kn ew that it was mine. And into my garden stole,When the night had veild the pole In the morning glad I see; My foe outstretched beneath the tree.† (lines 10-16 William Blake) This plots the murder because he appeared to be friends with his buddy, but when he came over he stole an apple in his garden, which he didnt know was poisoned and when the murderer woke up, he saw him dead beneath a tree, in The Cask Of Amontillado by Edgar Allen Poe he plots a murder too and he vividly describes the setting of it. This shows that appearance can be different than reality, due to this he appeared friendly, but his murder was plotted by poisoning an apple that appeared fine but it wasnt. In the text The Cask Of Amontillado by Edgar Allan Poe he shows setting vividly, along with that Poe shows that sometimes appearance is different than reality. â€Å"As I threw the bones aside, I slowly uncovered the building stone and mortar, with these materials I began vigorously building up the niche .† (lines 170-173 Poe) This shows that the setting was important because he plotted the mortar and building stones so he could kill him and he made it seem likeShow MoreRelatedFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesHRM 28 PART 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 THE LEGAL AND ETHICAL CONTEXT OF HRM Equal Employment Opportunity 56 Employee Rights and Discipline 84 PART 3 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 STAFFING THE ORGANIZATION Human Resource Planning and Job Analysis 110 Recruiting 132 Foundations of Selection 154 PART 4 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT Socializing, Orienting, and Developing Employees 182 Managing Careers 208 PART 5 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 MAINTAINING

Analysis Of Maya Angelous The Bluest Eye - 1315 Words

A basic human’s psychological need for approval from those around them is well-known and well-discussed in the psychiatric world. This is especially true of children and the parental figures in their lives, including teachers and guardian figures. Throughout the novel The Bluest Eye, Pecola and the other children, Frieda and Claudia are desperately seeking the approval of their parents. However not getting the love and approval that they are seeking out leads to a sense of hopelessness from all of the girls, and in Pecola’s case, insanity. This hopelessness experienced by Pecola is very similar to the hopelessness of the bird in Maya Angelou’s â€Å"Caged Bird.† Both the caged bird and Pecola are longing for something that is essentially†¦show more content†¦Freedom for the bird is the equivalent of the love and approval that Claudia, Pecola and Freida all long for throughout The Bluest Eye. By lashing out in their different ways, the three girls and the bird all place themselves further away from the freedom and love they are seeking to gain through their individual efforts. By denying the girls adequate love and acceptance and the bird the ability to fly, they are all denied a piece of their own humanity and the ability to live a normal life. Pecola and the caged bird range in the use of coping strategies, from singing to having virtually none, in order to manage their situations. Like the caged bird, Pecola also â€Å"stands on the grave of dreams,† symbolizing the hopelessness that has come over the two. After being kept in a cage for so long, the bird as well as Pecola, long â€Å"of things unknown† that are simply unattainable; freedom for the bird and acceptance in the form of blue eyes for Pecola. Throughout the Bluest Eye, Pecola is deeply infatuated with having blue eyes. She is convinced that beauty is directly associated with whiteness, specifically blue eyes. She believes that if she somehow gets b lue eyes she will suddenly be beautiful in the eyes of those around her, and therefore lovable. After her father rapes her and her innocence dies, Pecola’s last shred of hope, her baby, alsoShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Scientific Racism on Black Women Essay5776 Words   |  24 Pageshow important controlling Black womens sexuality has been to the effective operation of domination overall. The words of Angela Davis, Audre Lorde, Barbara Smith, and Alice Walker provide a promising foundation for a comprehensive Black feminist analysis. The Sexual Politics Of Black Womanhood Patricia Hill Collins Even I found it almost impossible to let her say what had happened to her as she perceived it ... And why? Because once you strip away the lie that rape is pleasant, that children

Reflection Paper On Police Brutality - 1725 Words

I’m sure you’ve heard the stories of Alton Sterling, Trevon Martin, Philando Castile, and Sarah Bland. You may have felt their pain and completely lost hope that this is America right now. Maybe you don’t feel that way and believe that they were criminals who deserved the justice they got. I choose to empathize with these men and women who are subject to police brutality and as a result, lost their life. Their stories didn’t make me hate the police but rather they brought about a fear of interaction with them. Growing up, I saw the local cops harass unarmed and unsuspecting men and women. I saw them harass my uncle, a tall 40-year old black male. It wasn’t that he was completely innocent, but when he was pulled over it was for reasons†¦show more content†¦When I pulled to the drive-thru line, there was just one car in front of me. I knew something was off. I didn’t know it at the time, but the people in that car had several very comp licated orders. Ten minutes had passed and I still hadn’t placed my order. Enough was enough, so I pulled off into a space and entered the restaurant. I rushed to the counter and placed my order. All I wanted to do was to relax and eat my hot honey mustard wings, but these people ahead of me had some secret agenda to piss me off. It was now around 10:30 P.M. and I was almost to my boyfriend’s house to deliver his food. At this point I didn’t even want to hang out anymore. I rode down the street when I noticed a cop. Given my history, I slowed down, double checked that my high beams were on, and made sure I signaled so that there was no reason to pull me over. I just remember thinking, I’m doing nothing wrong, just go about your business. By this point I was at the stop sign. Only one left turn from being outside of my boyfriend’s house. The police car was now behind me with its turn signal on. Once the coast was clear, I turned the corner. Then I heard a WOOP, WOOP! Bright blue and white lights started flashing and I pulled over to the side of his house. SHIT! I was at my destination but I couldn’t move. I couldn’t get out. I was stuck and terrified. The next thing I heard was a loud knock on the window of my MitsubishiShow MoreRelatedPolicing The Police : Training, Retraining, And But More Training Essay1400 Words   |  6 PagesCordell, L.H. (2014). Policing the Police: Training, retraining, and yet more training are not the way to stop police brutality. LaDoris Cordell, author of this article, is a 1974 graduate of Stanford Law School. On April 13, eight years later, she was appointed to the Municipal Court of Santa Clara County by Governor Jerry Brown, making her the first African American woman judge in all of northern California. On June 7, 1988, Judge Cordell won election to the Superior Court of Santa Clara CountyRead MoreThe Effects Of Violent Music On The Youth Culture1316 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper explores several published articles that embodies different explanations from research on the effect of violent music, both positive and negative towards African American men, women, and children. The articles also provides information that will support the reason how Hip-hop has such an impact on the youth culture, how Hip-hop is valued, and how the music and its lyrics are interpreted. Changing Images of Violence Rap music lyrics: 1979-1997 Hip- hop has bothRead MoreBody Cameras Improve Police Accountability Essay1469 Words   |  6 Pagesaccountability. The idea is that a video camera mounted on an officer s vest or uniform would provide an accurate, objective account of every encounter with a civilian. Ideally, the camera would discourage police misconduct while protecting officers against unfounded civil complaints of brutality or corruption. While the use of body cameras may seem to invade the privacy of officers and the public, officers should wear body cameras because playing body cameras could improve, accountability, behaviorRead MoreMeet Me Halfway, Milwaukee Stories By Jennifer Morales1825 Words   |  8 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚   Police brutality and feminism are some of the issues the United States faces today. Police have always been an issue for people to deal with especially for the black community. Numerous African American males have encountered situations where they have been accused of crimes or bea ten by the police. Feminism dates back to history where women were discriminated and degraded because of their gender. In today’s society, many of these conflicts still occur today and many prejudicial statements areRead MorePolice Brutality : Why? Essay2398 Words   |  10 PagesPolice Brutality: Why? Throughout history, there has been very few careers that require such a high degree of an ethical standard such as the one required for law enforcement. There is, however, a multitude of careers that require the dedication and heart such as required for a police member. Where this dedication and heart differs relies solely on the difference in the job. Officers are required to be aware of their surroundings nearly all the time as if something were to happen they would be requiredRead MorePolice Brutality And Gun Violence1303 Words   |  6 PagesThe History or Ferguson Police brutality and gun violence that is associated with the police is continuing to be a topic that is constantly in the headlines. Gun violence is a huge problem in our society, but what is an even bigger problem is that most of the gun violence occurring these days is from our local police officers. George Wayne Smith wrote the article, â€Å"Blood Cries Out from the Ground: Reflections on Ferguson† with the hope of informing people of this type of violence. The article focusesRead MoreHow Sports Related Injuries With Today s Youth1009 Words   |  5 PagesHow to prevent sport related injuries with today’s youth? With going through this process of writing my research paper I wanted to elaborate about injuries that are taking place with today’s youth in sports. Throughout the semester majority of our class discussions have been based on racial problems in America and police brutality. Even though my topic isn’t clearly connected to anything that we have discussed in class I still used the writing procedures and writing techniques that were instilledRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Mexican Immigration, A Form Of Control And Dominance1168 Words   |  5 Pagesand language. Immigrant culture and language was seen as a threat to America thus, it was believed if they leave their culture and language and become â€Å"Americanized† then they are less threatening to society. 4. â€Å"The Public Schools† section of the paper outlines the research methods for this study. What are the methods used? The research methods used in this study included a two year study of 13 teachers who were preparing to become bilingual and English as a second language (ESL) teacher. TheRead MoreDifferent Aspects Of Criminal Justice914 Words   |  4 Pages Reflection This course has exposed me to many different aspects of criminal justice. It has allowed me to develop a deeper knowledge of how and why things are done within the criminal justice field. The assignments have been beneficial to increasing my knowledge and relating criminal justice to Biblical principles. This paper will discuss those Biblical principles, as well as my personal perspective of the law enforcement, court, and correctional sub-systems of criminal justice. Biblical PrinciplesRead MoreWriting Project II : In Modern Society1269 Words   |  6 Pagesof the incoming physical and psychological abuse was absorbed through parents and other family members. On the other hand, during the later years of their life the abuse mainly came from strangers, friends, and police officers. What is notable is how these people specifically declared police officers, the forces of the law, as a major contributor to their lifestyles. According to the collection of data within their group of study, there was a more common appearance of abuse within the ethnic groups

Suicide Among Adolescents And College Students - 1649 Words

Suicide among adolescents and college students has become a major problem in the United States. In the last few years there has been a steady increase in the number of suicides on college campuses in the United States. In the United States suicide is the third leading cause of death among persons aged 15-24 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). A study conducted by the University of Virginia suggests that more college students die as a result of suicide than alcohol abuse (Turner Keller, 2011). It has been reported by researchers are Emory University that suicide rates among 15-24 year olds has tripled, and there are over 1,100 suicides at colleges per year. Mental health problems among adolescents and young adults are nothing new, and there are many psychological conditions, such as schizophrenia, that usually develop during the late teens and early twenties. College students are under a lot of pressure and stress to do well in school. Pressure from parents, co urse workload, working, and being a student athlete leave many students feeling helpless. There are some who may seek help and find counselors, friends or family to confide in, but there are some who are afraid to speak up and that can lead to dangerous results. There are some concerning and troubling statistics that I have found on this specific topic. The first one being that nearly half of these students never reported their suicide attempts to police, parents, friends or a counselor.Show MoreRelatedThe Most Common Death For Adolescents1530 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many causes for an adolescent to die. The most common death for adolescents is suicide. Parents are not aware of how to tell if their adolescent is suicidal or how to condone it. In today s society there are so many ways to help them with their suicidal thoughts. Adolescents should not feel alone with their thoughts, there are forms of help deal with their thoughts. What Causes Suicide There are a variety of situations that can cause an adolescent to become suicidal. Bullying orRead MoreEffects Of Depression Among College Campuses Essay1500 Words   |  6 PagesDrug use among adolescents has been a problem in the United States for numerous years. The age frame of adolescents can bring many changes in a teenager’s life. Many life-altering events can take place during this time of one’s life and affect the person either positively or negatively. Depression can occur when adolescents are transitioning into young adult years. Moving away to college, schoolwork load, and maintaining a social life are all big parts of this time frame in life. Many cognitive problemsRead More Teenage Suicide Essay1404 Words   |  6 PagesTeenage Suicide Each day 86 Americans take their own lives and another 1,500 attempts to do so. Even more disturbing is that suicide among a young people nation wide have increased dramatically in recent years. In fact thousands of teenagers each year commit suicide. It is the third leading cause of death among young adults aged 15-24. With the first two leading causes being unintentional injury and homicide. There are many reasons why teenagers feel the need to take their own life. They are atRead MoreHigh Levels Of Stress Among Teens1251 Words   |  6 Pagesdata collected by the Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), suicide is the leading cause of all deaths (18.4%) following accidental injuries for American adolescents (Heron). To visualize this information, imagine walking through a grave yard for adolescents and knowing every ten steps walked you passed, on average, two people who committed suicide. But the question still stands: why? The answer lies in the fact adolescents are expe riencing high levels of stress due to high school and the associatedRead MoreEssay Teenage Suicide1191 Words   |  5 Pages Teenage suicide has become a critical, national problem the extent of which is mind boggling. From 1980 to 1992 the rate of suicides involving persons from the ages of 10-14 years old has increased by 120 percent, and has increased 28.3 percent when involving persons from the ages of 15-19 years old (Suicide 451). More recently in a poll of 3,210 high-school honor students, a stunning one-quarter have seriously considered suicide (Eaton 15). Suicides have been proven to be one of the leading causesRead MoreKnopf Continued Writing Concerning Suicide In Regards To1172 Words   |  5 Pagesconcerning suicide in regards to adolescents in an article entitled â€Å"How Self-Injury can lead to Suicidality in Teens: Under Study.† Her article focused on the relationship between self-injury and suicide. She stated, â€Å"While NSSI [nonsuicidal self-injury] a nd suicide are distinct behaviors, they frequently co-occur, so it’s important to look at factors that might contribute to the transition from NSSI to suicide.† The studies that she focused on were with non-ideators, that is, adolescents with noRead MoreLGBT Hate Crimes and Suicidality Among a Population-Bases Sample of Sexual-Minority Adolescents in Boston1365 Words   |  6 PagesLesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Hate Crimes and Suicidality Among a Population-Based Sample of Sexual-Minority Adolescents in Boston Until 1973, the American Psychiatric Association regarded the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) community as consisting of sociopathic individuals with personality disorders. Today, the stigma has lifted off of these individuals and relationships among the LGBTs are no longer crimes in the US and many other countries; however, select individualsRead More The Ethical Use of the Life Attitude Schedule1731 Words   |  7 Pages One of the leading causes of deaths in adolescents and young adults is suicide. The leading cause of death is accidents. Many that do not commit suicde have had at least thoughts about it. The Life Attitude Schedule was developed to assess the activities of adolescents and young adults. The tool divides both positive and negative factors in one’s life. The clinical studies identified students that were in the study that were at least. The instrument showed great promise but needed toRead MoreSuicide Is Reaching Epidemic Proportions Al l Across The Globe970 Words   |  4 PagesSuicide is reaching epidemic proportions all across the globe. What is causing such an outbreak in young adults? Most people have heard about the get help hotlines and the advertisements associated with suicide. Although we ve all heard about it, not much is being done about it. Johnson states the facts about suicide, â€Å"claiming 39,518 lives in 2011, or more than 6,889 more than in 2005† (10). This small piece of information goes to show just how much suicide has increased in the last few years.Read MoreMental Illness And Its Effects On Academic Performance916 Words   |  4 Pages(United States Public Health Service qtd. in Shirk and Jungbluth 222). Because of the risk of suicide in mentally ill young people, it is crucial that mental health services are readily available to our youth in school settings. Therefore, schools should administer mandatory mental health screenings because mental illness often affects academic perfor mance, and the majority of young persons that commit suicide have a treatable illness. Frequently, mental illness affects many areas of a sufferer’s life

In the summer of 1969, not everyone was at Woodsto Essay Example For Students

In the summer of 1969, not everyone was at Woodsto Essay ck. In laboratories on eitherside of the continent a small group of computer scientists were quietly changingthe future of communication. Their goal was to build a computer network thatwould enable researchers around the country to share ideas (Kantrowitz 56). TheInternet we make so much today the global Internet which has helped scholarsso much, where free speech is flourishing as never before in history theInternet was a cold war military project. It was designed for purposes of militarycommunication in a United States devastated by a Soviet nuclear strike. Originally, the Internet was a post-apocalypse command grid (Tappendorf 1). The threat of nuclear war was a tangible, and frightening, possibility during thecold war period. In the 1960s the Vietnam War was grabbing all of the headlines. The history books describe the decade as brimming with social unrest andchange. This decade also witnessed the birth of a military experiment that was toevolve into what we now call the Net (Net 1). The history of the Internet beginswith the research and development, RAND, group in 1966. Paul Baran wascommissioned by the United States Air Force to do a study on how it couldmaintain its command control over its missiles and bombers, after a nuclearattack. Barans finished document described several ways to accomplish thistask. What he finally proposes is a packet switched network (Tappendorf 2). Packet switching is a method of fragmenting messages into sub-parts calledpackets, routing them to their destinations and reassembling them. Packetizinginformation has several advantages. It facilitates allowing several users to sharethe same connection by breaking up the data into discrete units which can berouted separately. Because no transmission medium is 100% reliable, packetswitching allows one bad packet to be re-sent while other good packets areuninterrupted in their transmission (Hardy 6). Packets may carry informationabout themselves, where they have been and where they are going. In addition,packets may be compressed for speed and size advantages or encrypted forsecurity. Most packets carry some sort of internal check for consistency that helpsto weed out bad packets. Packetizing data has advantages in overcoming certaininherent bandwidth and speed constraints, particularly in older network andmodem based communication (Hardy 6). The early pioneers of AdvancedResearch Pro jects Agency network, ARPAnet, wanted to create a network thatwas robust, reliable, and did not have a single point of failure. A single point offailure would be a network designed with one device that was the master node,or controlling device, for the network. This leads to problems in that when themaster node goes down, the whole entire network is lost. These early pioneers ofARPAnet acknowledged this single point of failure concept, in turn, created anetwork that had no central controlling device; rather, it was made up ofindividual devices, or nodes that all worked together and participated on thenetwork. Although these first networks consisted of few machines, it laid thefoundation for things to come (Boyce 492). The reliable networking partinvolved dynamic rerouting. If one of the network links were to become disruptedby enemy attack, the traffic on it could automatically be rerouted to other links. Fortunately, the net rarely has come under enemy attack. But an errant backhoecutting a cable is just as much of a threat, so its important for the net to bebackhoe resistant (Levine 12). Starting with the ARPAnet the government beganresearching ways to exchange information among various government siteslocated in the United States. The research and implementation of ARPAnet led tothe early beginnings of the Internet. This network allowed government officials atvarious sites to exchange files, documents, and messages with one another, eventhough they were physically separated by many miles (Boyce 492). In 1969, whatwould later become the Internet was founded. It contrasts sharply with todaysInternet. The ARPAnet network had four machines on it, linked together with apacket switched network. Soon afterward other government agencies becameinterested in this new network; Department of Defense, NASA, National ScienceFoundation, and the Federal Reserve Board. Because of this new interest and thefact that ARPAnet was growing, now 24 nodes in 1972, Information ProcessingTechniques Office, IPTO, began to look to other ways to transmit data other thanthrough a wire. Two projects were launched to settle these needs. The first wasthe use of satellites for data transmission. IPTO quickly learned that it would bepossible to send data via satellite and went into negotiations with the board ofdirectors of International Telecommunications Satellite Organization. The secondproject was for radio transmitted data. It soon also became apparent that a packetswitched radio network for mobile computing would be possible. In 1976, thepacket satellite project went into practical use. Atlantic packet Satellite network,SATNET, was born. This network linked the United States with Europe. Thisnetwork was interesting in that it used commercial Intelsat satellites that wereowned by the International Telecommunications Satellite Organization asopposed to government military satellites (Tappen dorf 2). In the same year a mancalled Ray Tomlinson created an e-mail program that could send personalmessages across the network. Seems harmless enough, but this developmentplayed an important role in the nets evolution by helping it move further awayfrom its military roots. The academics with access to the system were using itpredominantly to communicate with colleagues, and their messages were notalways about research. Mailing lists on a variety of subjects proved to be verypopular (Net 2). In 1973, the United States Defense Advanced Research ProjectsAgency, DARPA, initiated a research program to investigate techniques andtechnologies for interlining packet networks of various kinds. The objective wasto develop communication protocols which would allow networked computers tocommunicate transparently across multiple, linked packet networks. This wascalled the Internetting Project and the system of networks which emerged fromthe research was known as the Internet. The system of pro tocols which wasdeveloped over the course of this research effort became known as the TCP/IPprotocol suite, after the two initial protocols developed: Transmission ControlProtocol, TCP, and Internet Protocol, IP (Liener 1). In 1976 the Department ofDefense, began to experiment with this new protocol and soon decided to requireit for use on ARPAnet. January 1983 was the date fixed as when every machineconnected to ARPAnet had to use this new protocol (Tappendorf 3). In additionto the selection of TCP/IP for the NSFNET program, Federal agencies made andimplemented several other policy decisions which shaped the Internet of today(Leiner 11). The creation of the TCP/IP protocol made possible the text basedNet communications systems so popular today, including electronic mail,discussion lists, file indexing, and hypertext. E-mail, of course, is the mostwidely used of the Net services, the most convenient and the most functional(Diamond 42). The backbone had made the transition from a net work built fromrouters out of the research community to commercial equipment. In its 8 1/2 yearlifetime, the backbone had grown from six nodes with 56 kbps links to 21 nodeswith multiple 45 Mbps links. It had seen the Internet grow over 50,000 networkson all seven continents and outer space, with approximately 29,000 networks inthe United States (Leiner 12). Widespread development of Lans, Pcs, andworkstations in the 1980s allowed the nascent Internet to flourish. Ethernettechnology, developed by Bob Metcalfe at Xerox PARC in 1973, is nowprobably the dominant network technology in the Internet, and Pcs andworkstations the dominate computers. This change from having a few networkswith a modest number of time- shared hosts, the original ARPAnet model, tohaving many networks has resulted in a number of new concepts and changes tothe underlying technology. First, it resulted in the definition of three networkclasses A, B, and C to accommodate the range of networks. Class A representedla rge national scale networks, a small number of networks with large number ofhosts; Class B represented regional scale networks; and Class C representedlocal area networks, a large number of networks with relatively few hosts(Leiner 8). Beginning around 1980, university computing was moving from asmall number of large time-sharing machines, each of which served hundreds ofsimultaneous users, to a large number of smaller desktop workstations forindividual users. Because users had gotten used to the advantages of time-sharingsystems, such as shared directories of files and e-mail, they wanted to keep thosesame facilities on their workstations (Levine 12). Workstation manufacturesbegan to include the necessary network hardware also, so all anyone had to do toget a working network was to string a cable to connect the workstations,something that universities could do inexpensively because they usually could getstudents to do it (Levine 13). In 1983, the ARPAnet was split into ARPAnet andM ILnet. The latter was integrated into the Defense Data Network created in1982. ARPAnet was taken out of service in 1990. ARPAnets role as networkbackbone was taken over by NSFNET which may in time be supplanted by theNational Research and Educational Network, NREN (Hardy 8). In 1988, in aconscious effort to test Federal policy on commercial use of Internet, thecorporation for National research Initiatives approached the Federal NetworkingCouncil for permission to experiment with the interconnection of MCI Mail withthe Internet. An experimental electronic mail relay was built and put intooperation in 1989, and shortly thereafter Compuserve, ATTMail, and Sprintmail,followed suit. Once again, a far-sighted experimental effort coupled with wisepolicy choice stimulated investment by industry and expansion of the nationsinfrastructure. In the past few years, commercial use of the Internet has exploded(Cerf 5). The Internet is experiencing exponential growth in the number ofnetworks, numbe r of hosts, and volume of traffic. NSFNET backbone traffic morethan doubled annually from a terabyte per month in March 1991 to 18 terabytes, aterabyte is a thousand bytes, a month in November 1994. The number of hostcomputers increased from 200 to 5,000,000 in the 12 years between 1983-1995 a factor of 25,000 (Cerf 5). In an extraordinary development, the NSFNETbackbone was retired at the end of April 1995, with almost no visible effortsfrom the point of view of users. This left all of the hard work to be handled by theInternet service providers. A fully commercial system of backbones has beenerected where a government sponsored system once existed. Indeed, the keynetworks that made the Internet possible are now gone but the Internet thrives(Cerf 6). In 1990, Hyper Text Markup Language, HTML, a hypertext Internetprotocol which would communicate the graphic info on the Internet, wasintroduced. Each individual could create graphic pages, a website, which thenbecame part of a huge, v irtual hypertext network called the World Wide Web. Goldsmith Bankers EssayAmerica On- Line, Netcom and small Internet service providers haveexperienced serious network crashes and extensive down times for theirservices. A full 30 percent of telephone calls to service providers get a busysignal. The rate of growth is a giant tsunami nearing the shores of ouraccessibility to unlimited information (Curtis 10). The Internet has changed muchin the two decades since it came into existence. It was conceived in the era oftime-sharing, but has survived into the era of personal computers, client- server,peer-to-peer computer, and the network computer. It was designed before LANsexisted, but has accommodated that new network technology. It was envisionedas supporting a range of functions from file sharing and remote login to resourcesharing and collaboration, and has spawned electronic mail and ,more recently,the World Wide Web. But most important, it started as the creation of a smallband of dedicated researchers, and has grown to be a comme rcial success withbillions of dollars of annual investment (Leiner 18). There is also now talk ofInternet2. With the promise of access and transfer rates of up to 1,000 times whatis possible with the Internet today, the Internet2 (I2) project is deserving of theattention it has received. But do not expect to be cruising at lightning speedanytime soon. Internet2 is currently confined to academia, government researchcenters, and non profit organizations (Krueger 302). It remains to be seenwhether Internet2 can accomplish its goals and then merge its findings andadvances with the commercial Internet in the time frame suggested. In the end,improved bandwidth and multimedia solutions that meet or exceed the goals ofthe Next Generation Internet, NGI, may be realized all by the year 2002deadline. Only time will tell. If I2 flies, however, we may soon hear thebuzzword Internet3 (Krueger 306). One should not conclude that the Internet hasnow finished changing. The Internet, although a netwo rk in name and geography,is a creature of the computer, not the traditional network of the telephone ortelevision industry. It will, indeed it must, continue to change and evolve at thespeed of the computer industry if it is to remain relevant. The most pressingquestion for the future of the Internet is not how the technology will change, buthow the process of change and evolution itself will be managed. If the Internetstumbles, it will not be because we lack for technology, vision, or motivation. Itwill be because we cannot set a direction and march collectively into the future(Leiner 18).

Trade Fairs and exhibitions and their economic impact on companies and countries free essay sample

marketing event. They are organized so that companies in a specific industry can showcase and demonstrate their latest products, service, study activities of rivals and examine recent market trends and opportunities. In contrast to consumer fairs, only some trade fairs are open to the public, while others can only be attended by company representatives (members of the trade, e.g. professionals) and members of the press, therefore trade shows are classified as either Public or Trade Only. A few fairs are hybrids of the two; one example is the Frankfurt Book Fair, which is trade-only for its first three days and open to the general public on its final two days. They are held on a continuing basis in virtually all markets and normally attract companies from around the globe. Trade shows and events have a detailed history of bringing together traders and customers, both B2B and B2C, under a single roof. At the worst point of the economic downturn a high number of businesses chose to withdraw from exhibiting at shows internationally. As a result of most companies getting out of the perils of the recession the attractiveness of exhibitions is beginning to increase again too. It presents companies with the opportunity to generate brand awareness to potential customers that they might not be able to reach using other promotional methods. Impact on companies Exhibitions as marketing tools Trade shows tend to be a celebration of success with successful companies exhibiting and successful companies visiting. Throughout the ages, trade fairs have been recognized as one of the most efficient and powerful tools for effectively doing business. They are a major portion of the marketing mix in the industrial marketplace. As a face-to-face meeting point, fairs and exhibitions are basically a target opportunity for achieving your trade objectives. They are a cost-effective means to reach your market audience in one time and in one place. There are not many other promotional methods that have the versatility to potentially appeal to all five senses. Key advantages of participating in a trade show Customer contact: Trade shows provide excellent venues for initiating contacts with new customers and developing new trade leads. Equally important they enable you to maintain and renew contacts with valued clients. An exclusive and favourable marketing tool as customer grievances or enquiries can be dealt with in person whilst providing businesses the chance to receive valuable criticism from previous and present customers. Product and service launch platforms: Live presentations and Demonstrations of your products and services speak for themselves, accelerating the selling process and generating new sales. introduction of new products to a large number of people. Depending on your type of business, product and market testing can be carried out at trade shows and exhibitions to gain industry or general opinion about your offering Marketing communications: Trade fairs focus media attention on your Company and products. Public relations efforts can be focused to raise the profile of your company image and brands. Exhibitions are open to a large and sometimes diverse range of audiences (usually the general public). This provides you with a perfect platform to promote your product or service to a broader group that may have little or no knowledge of your products and services. Improves corporate image, creates brand awareness Enhances goodwill, Exposes promising customers, Gains company publicity A high return/expense ratio: Trade shows are known to have a high return/expense ratio. An EEAA (Exhibition Association of Australia) survey showed that an average expenditure of 9% of companies marketing budgets in trade far events resulted in a return of 23% of business. Gathers competitor information: offers management the opportunity to walk around the exhibition themselves and inspect what the competition is doing and offer ideas on how they can improve what they are offering. Enable participants to stay on top of the latest industry trends, obtain competitor insights, as well as get new information of different fields. Being involved in a trade show or exhibition can provide you with opportunities to branch out to business-to-business trading Major exhibitions are global ‘meetings places’ providing a highly cost efficient environment in which very senior management can meet with other senior management to discuss partnerships and  joint ventures, to maintain and deepen business relationships and to identify new business opportunities. Disadvantages and risks of trade shows Confusing environment found in large shows Excessive frequency of trade shows High and rising costs of participation – travelling to the trade shows, displaying Trade shows require at least a day and probably more of your time. There will probably be quite a bit of competition at all shows. Choosing the wrong trade show to exhibit your businesss products or services can result in displaying to the wrong audience. Poor promotion can mean the costs of attending the trade show outweigh any revenue you gain. Impact on countries Trade and consumer shows enhance a city’s position in the marketplace Brings multiple economic benefits and job opportunities to local communities and cities. Trade shows not only directly generate business, jobs and government revenues, but also indirectly bring other multiple values both locally and nationally such as education and entertainment Connects individuals with feature product or service launches Problem-solving, education and networking opportunities Exhibitions make a significant contribution to many business sectors around the world. The more global a business sector the more important the role of trade shows in introducing vendors to buyers and ensuring that industry players maintain contact with industry developments Direct Benefits Direct revenue sources from trade and consumer shows include administration costs, hall or booth rental, employment spending, shipping costs, as well as spending on hotels and lodging, local attractions, entertainment, and restaurants. In order to set a trade or consumer show, a show producer or organizer has to conceptualize and develop the show, advertise and promote the show as well as to sell the show. They have to move in, set up, execute the show, move out, and do follow up. Behind the show, general contractors work with decorating, pope and drape set up, booth set up, carpet rental,  furniture rental, signage and graphics, on-site coordination of the show, advance planning for the show, cleaning, as well as drayage and material handling. In addition, specialty contractors who work with these shows include florists, catering, photography, transportation, telephone/internet/fax, booth personnel, AV rentals, security, electrical, plumbing/air/water, exhibit design and construction and publicity. These services directly create a great amount of revenues for local businesses and tax revenues. Trade and consumer shows also provide opportunities for tourism operators to promote their businesses directly to the tourism industry and purchasing consumer. Through trade and consumer shows, a city has a strong presence among brand retailers, tourist boards, business operators, and resort exhibitors who come to the city to interact directly with local citizens as well as tourists. Indirect Benefits Enhancing local brand recognition, increasing number of visitors, educate people, increase investment from people worldwide, promote a city, and other potential benefits. The Future of Trade Shows For thousands of years, men and women have gathered together in marketplaces to see, touch, smell and taste products, to shop, commune with their peers, catch up on the latest news/gossip, network, transact business and otherwise enjoy being together. While the marketplaces and products have varied over time and place, human beings still desire the opportunity to experience the marketplace firsthand all of this, in spite of the rise of online commerce, globalization, the Internet, mobile, telepresence and social networking technologies. Many predicted the demise of trade shows in the late 90s as the Dot.com era exploded. However, as weve clearly seen, trade shows as modern day face-to-face marketplaces have not fallen prey to the Internet; rather, I believe, they are more valued than ever. We are analog human beings in a digitized world. We crave physical stimuli and social interaction. Why do the masses still flock to the shopping malls every holiday when they can shop online from the comfort of their homes? Conclusion Trade shows have both pros and cons but I personally look into its advantages as it offers an opportunity to showcase its products in one location, and also it can create awareness in new prospects, reinforce existing customer relationships, provide product demonstrations for evaluation, and allow sales of products on the spot.